Visualizing Hybridization: sp, sp², sp³

Hybridization is one of the hardest topics to imagine. How do one 's' and three 'p' orbitals mix to form a tetrahedron? In this guide, we break it down using our 3D lab.

1. sp³ Hybridization (Methane)

• Mix: 1s + 3p orbitals.
• Result: 4 identical orbitals.
• Shape: Tetrahedral (109.5°).
• Example: CH₄ (Methane), NH₃, H₂O.

2. sp² Hybridization (Ethene)

• Mix: 1s + 2p orbitals.
• Result: 3 hybrid orbitals + 1 unhybridized 'p'.
• Shape: Trigonal Planar (120°).
• Key Feature: Forms Double Bonds (1 Sigma + 1 Pi).

3. sp Hybridization (Ethyne)

• Mix: 1s + 1p orbital.
• Shape: Linear (180°).
• Key Feature: Forms Triple Bonds.